Grenache, or Garnacha as it's known in Spain, is one of the most widely planted red wine grape varieties in the world, known for its significant role in some of the most renowned wine blends, including those of Southern Rhône, where it often plays the leading part in the illustrious Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Gigondas. Its resilience, versatility, and ability to produce both deeply flavourful reds and compelling rosés make it a favourite among vintners and wine enthusiasts alike.
Origin and History
Grenache is believed to have originated in Spain, where it is still one of the predominant varietals. From Spain, it spread to the Italian island of Sardinia, where it's known as Cannonau, and across to France, particularly to the Rhône Valley and Languedoc-Roussillon regions, where it thrives. Its journey didn't stop in Europe; the grape found a new home in the New World wine regions of Australia and California, where it has been met with enthusiasm and innovation.
Characteristics of the Grape
Grenache vines are hardy and robust, able to withstand the vigour of the wind and the heat of the Mediterranean climate. The grapes themselves are typically characterised by their thin skin and light colour, with a high sugar content that can lead to wines with substantial alcohol levels, often surpassing 15% ABV. Despite its thin skin, Grenache has an impressive tannic structure and acidity, which can be credited to its late ripening, spending more time on the vine under the warm sun.
The Wines of Grenache
The profile of Grenache wines can vary significantly based on where the grapes are grown and how the wine is made. However, there are common threads that run through most expressions of the variety. Grenache typically presents a palette of ripe red fruit flavours such as strawberry, raspberry, and cherry, accompanied by hints of white pepper, anise, and orange zest. With age, these wines develop complex notes of leather, tar, and cocoa.
Blends and Single-Varietal Wines
While Grenache is famous for its contribution to blends, it is increasingly celebrated for its role in single-varietal wines. In a blend, it partners well with Syrah and Mourvèdre, creating the classic GSM blend known for its balance of fruit, spice, and structure. As a single-varietal wine, it showcases the purity of the fruit and terroir. In both cases, it can produce wines ranging from medium-bodied, with fresh and fruity characteristics, to full-bodied, with deep colour and intense flavours.
Viticultural Regions
The diversity of Grenache is best explored through the various regions in which it is cultivated:
Spain
Known as Garnacha, it is a cornerstone of wines from Priorat, where it is often blended with Carignan (or Cariñena) to produce powerful and mineral-driven wines. It is also predominant in the wines of Navarra and Aragón, where old-vine Garnacha produces wines with concentration and depth.
France
The Southern Rhône Valley is Grenache's French stronghold. Here, it is blended to create some of the region's most famous wines, but it is also found in the Languedoc, where it contributes to softer, more approachable styles.
AustraliaIn regions like McLaren Vale and Barossa Valley, old Grenache vines are treasured, producing rich and vibrant wines that are gaining international acclaim.
United States
Particularly in California, Grenache is a part of the "Rhône Ranger" movement, with winemakers exploring its potential both in blends and as a single-varietal wine.
Winemaking Techniques
Winemakers have a range of techniques at their disposal when crafting Grenache wines. The use of oak is a stylistic choice; some prefer old barrels that allow the wine to mature without imparting additional flavours, while others use new oak to add complexity and tannin. Carbonic maceration, a technique often associated with Beaujolais, is also employed by some to enhance the fruity, fresh characteristics of the grape.
Rosé and Beyond
Grenache is not only a red wine grape. It's one of the primary varieties used in the production of rosé wines, especially in the Provence region of France. Grenache-based rosés are cherished for their vibrant acidity, red fruit flavours, and, often, a hint of minerality.
Climate Change and Grenache
As the wine industry faces the challenges of climate change, Grenache is becoming increasingly significant. Its ability to withstand heat and drought makes it an adaptable choice for regions that are experiencing warmer growing seasons.
The Ageability of Grenache
While many Grenache wines are designed to be enjoyed young, the best examples from optimal terroirs and vintages possess a remarkable capacity to age. With time, the tannins soften, and the wine develops a velvety texture and complex array of secondary and tertiary flavours.
Pairing Grenache with Food
Grenache's versatility extends to the table. Its red wines can pair wonderfully with a range of dishes from grilled meats to hearty stews, while the lighter, aromatic profiles of Grenache rosés make them a perfect match for Mediterranean cuisine, light pasta dishes, or seafood.
Grenache is a varietal that tells a story of adaptability, resilience, and diversity. Its expressive nature and compatibility with different winemaking styles and climates make it a grape that offers something for every palate. Whether you are enjoying a robust, spicy red or a delicate, dry rosé, Grenache is a testament to the beauty of versatility in the world of wine. As winemakers continue to explore its potential and consumers become more familiar with its charms, Grenache will undoubtedly maintain its place as one of the most cherished and celebrated varieties in the vinous world.